Cookware Type

Heating Duration (Hours)

Mean Concentration ± SD (mg/l) (n = 45)

Pb × 10⁻²

Al × 10⁻²

Cd × 10⁻²

Fe × 10⁻²

Cr × 10⁻²

Ni × 10⁻²

Mn × 10⁻²

Locally Fabricated cookware

4

7.00 ± 0.30

83.20 ± 0.42

0.70 ± 0.09

2.40 ± 0.10

16.70 ± 0.230

1.10 ± 0.30

2.20 ± 0.70

3

5.00 ± 0.35

77.20 ± 0.89

0.40 ± 0.30

2.20 ± 0.40

16.10 ± 0.190

0.60 ± 0.10

0.20 ± 0.10

2

2.00 ± 0.13

44.00 ± 2.39

0.40 ± 0.10

1.30 ± 0.70

3.00 ± 0.016

Nd

nd

1

nd

32.10 ± 0.70

nd

0.10 ± 0.02

1.10 ± 0.040

Nd

nd

½

nd

23.00 ± 0.06

nd

Nd

1.00 ± 0.047

Nd

nd

Aluminium cookware

4

3.02 ± 0.24

9.20 ± 0.24

0.20 ± 0.10

3.20 ± 0.50

27.00 ± 0.17

0.80 ± 0.14

1.20 ± 0.70

3

0.92 ± 0.40

5.40 ± 0.09

0.10 ± 0.06

2.80 ± 0.32

18.30 ± 1.29

0.30 ± 0.10

0.70 ± 0.30

2

0.10 ± 0.03

1.10 ± 0.08

0.10 ± 0.03

1.70 ± 1.20

1.70 ± 0.01

Nd

0.40 ± 0.20

1

nd

1.80 ± 0.09

nd

0.10 ± 0.09

1.10 ± 0.01

Nd

Nd

½

nd

0.20 ± 0.01

nd

Nd

0.30 ± 0.01

Nd

nd

Stainless steel cookware

4

2.00 ± 0.11

6.30 ± 0.15

1.80 ± 0.18

5.10 ± 1.20

3.00 ± 0.06

0.10 ± 0.04

6.90 ± 3.90

3

1.30 ± 0.28

0.20 ± 0.01

0.40 ± 0.31

0.80 ± 0.50

2.10 ± 0.09

0.10 ± 0.02

0.70 ± 0.43

2

1.00 ± 0.19

nd

0.10 ± 0.02

0.50 ± 0.20

2.00 ± 0.03

Nd

Nd

1

0.10 ± 0.03

nd

nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

½

nd

nd

nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

Nd

WHO

1.00

10.00

0.30

10.00

5.00

2.00

40.00