Referents/Patients | NS/S | Biological samples | Zinc | Iron | Copper | Nickel | Cadmium |
Referents | Non smokers | Scalp hairs (µg/g) | 239 ± 16.4 230 - 249 | 41.1 ± 3.33 40.3 - 42.3 | 15.5 ± 1.27 14.8 - 16.2 | 4.25 ± 0.52 3.97 - 4.50 | 1.42 ± 0.25 1.30 - 1.55 |
Smokers | 207 ± 19.5 195 - 215 | 36.4 ± 2.38 35.0 - 37.9 | 13.9 ± 0.85 13.4 - 14.3 | 5.15 ± 0.32 5.04 - 5.39 | 1.47 ± 0.20 1.36 - 1.56 | ||
COVID 19 Patients | Non smokers | 124 ± 16.8 115 - 134 | 30.4 ± 0.95 29.8 - 30.9 | 13.2 ± 1.33 12.5 - 13.9 | 5.95 ± 0.61 5.62 - 6.32 | 2.89 ± 0.35 2.72 - 3.05 | |
Smokers | 115 ± 20.7 105 - 126 | 28.6 ± 0.82 28.4 - 29.1 | 12.0 ± 0.68 11.6 - 12.4 | 7.41 ± 0.45 7.15 - 7.54 | 2.93 ± 0.30 2.78 - 3.10 | ||
Referents | Non smokers | Blood (mg/L) (µg/L) for Ni & Cd | 5.90 ± 0.22 5.83 - 5.97 | 483 ± 18.5 474 - 495 | 1.09 ± 0.05 1.04 - 1.12 | 1.93 ± 0.32 1.76 - 2.10 | 3.57 ± 0.39 3.39 - 3.74 |
Smokers | 5.54 ± 0.20 5.47 - 5.65 | 443 ± 16.2 435 - 451 | 0.97 ± 0.05 0.92 - 1.00 | 2.10 ± 0.35 1.98 - 2.23 | 3.62 ± 0.42 3.40 - 3.83 | ||
COVID 19 Patients | Non smokers | 4.15 ± 0.20 4.03 - 4.26 | 395 ± 12.9 389 - 402 | 0.79 ± 0.06 0.77 - 0.83 | 3.29 ± 0.41 3.02 - 3.45 | 6.75 ± 0.32 6.59 - 6.92 | |
Smokers | 3.79 ± 0.15 3.70 - 3.89 | 339 ± 11.4 333 - 345 | 0.68 ± 0.07 0.65 - 0.72 | 3.51 ± 0.30 3.31 - 4.01 | 6.89 ± 0.28 6.75 - 7.05 | ||
Referents | Non smokers | Serum (mg/L) (µg/L) for Ni & Cd | 1.19 ± 0.19 1.10 - 1.28 | 3.89 ± 0.65 3.59 - 4.19 | 0.80 ± 0.11 0.75 - 0.84 | 115 ± 14.1 107 - 122 | 0.033 ± 0.004 0.032 - 0.034 |
Smokers | 1.12 ± 0.15 1.06 - 1.17 | 3.56 ± 0.52 3.30 - 3.82 | 0.72 ± 0.07 0.69 - 0.75 | 122 ± 9.52 115 - 127 | 0.062 ± 0.006 0.061 - 0.064 | ||
COVID 19 Patients | Non smokers | 0.68 ± 0.08 0.63 - 073 | 2.48 ± 0.20 2.36 - 2.59 | 0.57 ± 0.10 0.52 - 0.63 | 228 ± 20.2 214 - 235 | 0.035 ± 0.002 0.034 - 0.036 | |
Smokers | 0.52 ± 0.06 0.50 - 0.56 | 2.15 ± 0.16 2.07 - 2.24 | 0.50 ± 0.04 0.48 - 0.53 | 299 ± 12.2 289 - 309 | 0.065 ± 0.008 0.063 - 0.067 | ||
Referents | Non smokers | Sputum (µg/L) | 365 ± 13.5 357 - 372 | 1.38 ± 0.25 1.25 - 1.52 | 637 ± 105 589 - 702 | 0.024 ± 0.004 0.023 - 0.024 | 0.27 ± 0.04 0.25 - 0.29 |
Smokers | 335 ± 12.4 327 - 340 | 1.27 ± 0.20 1.20 - 1.34 | 598 ± 98.5 549 - 645 | 0.026 ± 0.003 0.026 - 0.027 | 0.29 ± 0.05 0.26 - 0.32 | ||
COVID 19 Patients | Non smokers | 162 ± 18.5 151 - 170 | 1.12 ± 0.22 1.01 - 1.23 | 468 ± 85.2 445 - 495 | 0.058 ± 0.004 0.057 - 0.061 | 0.76 ± 0.12 0.69 - 0.81 | |
Smokers | 151 ± 7.39 147 - 154 | 0.95 ± 0.15 0.89 - 1.03 | 445 ± 65.3 419 - 479 | 0.071 ± 0.007 0.065 - 0.074 | 0.82 ± 0.05 0.79 - 0.85 | ||
Referents | Non smokers | Saliva (µg/L) | 138 ± 12.7 132 - 145 | 0.89 ± 0.09 0.85 - 0.91 | 169 ± 13.5 162 - 175 | 4.15 ± 0.25 4.05 - 4.29 | 0.034 ± 0.005 0.0338 - 0.0352 |
Smokers | 126 ± 9.85 120 - 132 | 0.83 ± 0.05 0.81 - 0.85 | 96.5 ± 10.5 90.5 - 102 | 4.38 ± 0.19 4.28 - 4.49 | 0.036 ± 0.004 0.034 - 0.038 | ||
COVID 19 Patients | Non smokers | 72.4 ± 9.52 66.9 - 77.9 | 0.65 ± 0.08 0.59 - 0.68 | 152 ± 11.9 146 - 158 | 8.58 ± 0.19 8.47 - 8.70 | 0.078 ± 0.008 0.077 - 0.079 | |
Smokers | 55.7 ± 5.92 52.9 - 58.0 | 0.57 ± 0.06 0.54 - 0.60 | 82.6 ± 9.57 75.6 - 87.9 | 8.65 ± 0.22 8.55 - 8.76 | 0.080 ± 0.004 0.078 - 0.082 | ||
Referents | Non smokers | Nasal Fluid (µg/L) | 167 ± 20.3 161 - 173 | 1.21 ± 0.14 1.14 - 1.29 | 227 ± 19.5 219 - 240 | 0.028 ± 0.003 0.027 - 0.031 | 1.40 ± 0.19 1.31 - 1.50 |
Smokers | 160 ± 17.7 153 - 168 | 1.12 ± 0.12 1.05 - 1.18 | 205 ± 8.55 200 - 212 | 0.035 ± 0.005 0.034 - 0.036 | 1.49 ± 0.23 1.35 - 1.62 | ||
COVID 19 Patients | Non smokers | 92.6 ± 9.45 87.2 - 98.0 | 0.93 ± 0.06 0.90 - 0.97 | 125 ± 11.5 119 - 131 | 0.074 ± 0.005 0.069 - 0.075 | 2.75 ± 0.39 2.57 - 2.97 | |
Smokers | 82.9 ± 7.20 78.6 - 86.3 | 0.82 ± 0.04 0.78 - 0.84 | 119 ± 9.65 114 - 125 | 0.097 ± 0.009 0.089 - 0.099 | 2.85 ± 0.25 2.72 - 2.99 |