Referents/Patients

NS/S

Biological samples

Zinc

Iron

Copper

Nickel

Cadmium

Referents

Non smokers

Scalp hairs (µg/g)

239 ± 16.4

230 - 249

41.1 ± 3.33

40.3 - 42.3

15.5 ± 1.27

14.8 - 16.2

4.25 ± 0.52

3.97 - 4.50

1.42 ± 0.25

1.30 - 1.55

Smokers

207 ± 19.5

195 - 215

36.4 ± 2.38

35.0 - 37.9

13.9 ± 0.85

13.4 - 14.3

5.15 ± 0.32

5.04 - 5.39

1.47 ± 0.20

1.36 - 1.56

COVID 19 Patients

Non smokers

124 ± 16.8

115 - 134

30.4 ± 0.95

29.8 - 30.9

13.2 ± 1.33

12.5 - 13.9

5.95 ± 0.61

5.62 - 6.32

2.89 ± 0.35

2.72 - 3.05

Smokers

115 ± 20.7

105 - 126

28.6 ± 0.82

28.4 - 29.1

12.0 ± 0.68

11.6 - 12.4

7.41 ± 0.45

7.15 - 7.54

2.93 ± 0.30

2.78 - 3.10

Referents

Non smokers

Blood (mg/L)

(µg/L) for Ni & Cd

5.90 ± 0.22

5.83 - 5.97

483 ± 18.5

474 - 495

1.09 ± 0.05

1.04 - 1.12

1.93 ± 0.32

1.76 - 2.10

3.57 ± 0.39

3.39 - 3.74

Smokers

5.54 ± 0.20

5.47 - 5.65

443 ± 16.2

435 - 451

0.97 ± 0.05

0.92 - 1.00

2.10 ± 0.35

1.98 - 2.23

3.62 ± 0.42

3.40 - 3.83

COVID 19 Patients

Non smokers

4.15 ± 0.20

4.03 - 4.26

395 ± 12.9

389 - 402

0.79 ± 0.06

0.77 - 0.83

3.29 ± 0.41

3.02 - 3.45

6.75 ± 0.32

6.59 - 6.92

Smokers

3.79 ± 0.15

3.70 - 3.89

339 ± 11.4

333 - 345

0.68 ± 0.07

0.65 - 0.72

3.51 ± 0.30

3.31 - 4.01

6.89 ± 0.28

6.75 - 7.05

Referents

Non smokers

Serum (mg/L)

(µg/L) for Ni & Cd

1.19 ± 0.19

1.10 - 1.28

3.89 ± 0.65

3.59 - 4.19

0.80 ± 0.11

0.75 - 0.84

115 ± 14.1

107 - 122

0.033 ± 0.004

0.032 - 0.034

Smokers

1.12 ± 0.15

1.06 - 1.17

3.56 ± 0.52

3.30 - 3.82

0.72 ± 0.07

0.69 - 0.75

122 ± 9.52

115 - 127

0.062 ± 0.006

0.061 - 0.064

COVID 19 Patients

Non smokers

0.68 ± 0.08

0.63 - 073

2.48 ± 0.20

2.36 - 2.59

0.57 ± 0.10

0.52 - 0.63

228 ± 20.2

214 - 235

0.035 ± 0.002

0.034 - 0.036

Smokers

0.52 ± 0.06

0.50 - 0.56

2.15 ± 0.16

2.07 - 2.24

0.50 ± 0.04

0.48 - 0.53

299 ± 12.2

289 - 309

0.065 ± 0.008

0.063 - 0.067

Referents

Non smokers

Sputum (µg/L)

365 ± 13.5

357 - 372

1.38 ± 0.25

1.25 - 1.52

637 ± 105

589 - 702

0.024 ± 0.004

0.023 - 0.024

0.27 ± 0.04

0.25 - 0.29

Smokers

335 ± 12.4

327 - 340

1.27 ± 0.20

1.20 - 1.34

598 ± 98.5

549 - 645

0.026 ± 0.003

0.026 - 0.027

0.29 ± 0.05

0.26 - 0.32

COVID 19 Patients

Non smokers

162 ± 18.5

151 - 170

1.12 ± 0.22

1.01 - 1.23

468 ± 85.2

445 - 495

0.058 ± 0.004

0.057 - 0.061

0.76 ± 0.12

0.69 - 0.81

Smokers

151 ± 7.39

147 - 154

0.95 ± 0.15

0.89 - 1.03

445 ± 65.3

419 - 479

0.071 ± 0.007

0.065 - 0.074

0.82 ± 0.05

0.79 - 0.85

Referents

Non smokers

Saliva (µg/L)

138 ± 12.7

132 - 145

0.89 ± 0.09

0.85 - 0.91

169 ± 13.5

162 - 175

4.15 ± 0.25

4.05 - 4.29

0.034 ± 0.005

0.0338 - 0.0352

Smokers

126 ± 9.85

120 - 132

0.83 ± 0.05

0.81 - 0.85

96.5 ± 10.5

90.5 - 102

4.38 ± 0.19

4.28 - 4.49

0.036 ± 0.004

0.034 - 0.038

COVID 19 Patients

Non smokers

72.4 ± 9.52

66.9 - 77.9

0.65 ± 0.08

0.59 - 0.68

152 ± 11.9

146 - 158

8.58 ± 0.19

8.47 - 8.70

0.078 ± 0.008

0.077 - 0.079

Smokers

55.7 ± 5.92

52.9 - 58.0

0.57 ± 0.06

0.54 - 0.60

82.6 ± 9.57

75.6 - 87.9

8.65 ± 0.22

8.55 - 8.76

0.080 ± 0.004

0.078 - 0.082

Referents

Non smokers

Nasal Fluid (µg/L)

167 ± 20.3

161 - 173

1.21 ± 0.14

1.14 - 1.29

227 ± 19.5

219 - 240

0.028 ± 0.003

0.027 - 0.031

1.40 ± 0.19

1.31 - 1.50

Smokers

160 ± 17.7

153 - 168

1.12 ± 0.12

1.05 - 1.18

205 ± 8.55

200 - 212

0.035 ± 0.005

0.034 - 0.036

1.49 ± 0.23

1.35 - 1.62

COVID 19 Patients

Non smokers

92.6 ± 9.45

87.2 - 98.0

0.93 ± 0.06

0.90 - 0.97

125 ± 11.5

119 - 131

0.074 ± 0.005

0.069 - 0.075

2.75 ± 0.39

2.57 - 2.97

Smokers

82.9 ± 7.20

78.6 - 86.3

0.82 ± 0.04

0.78 - 0.84

119 ± 9.65

114 - 125

0.097 ± 0.009

0.089 - 0.099

2.85 ± 0.25

2.72 - 2.99