Increase of porosity

E.g. Abel et al. (2013); Głab et al. (2016); Hossain et al. (2020); de Jesus Duarte et al. (2019); de Melo Carvalho et al. (2014); Obia et al. (2016); Omondi et al. (2016); Qian et al. (2020)

Hydrological properties

Increased water-holding capacity

E.g. Agegnehu et al. (2015); Basso et al. (2013); Castellini et al. (2015); Herath et al. (2013); Hien et al. (2021); Hossain et al. (2020); Jeffery et al. (2011); Lima et al. (2018); Obia et al. (2016); Omondi et al. (2016); Ouyang et al. (2013); Ulyett et al. (2014); Xu et al. (2016)

Increase of soil water content

E.g. Abel et al. (2013); Basso et al. (2013); Głab et al. (2016); Hardie et al. (2014); Qian et al. (2020)

Increase of plant available water

E.g. Abel et al. (2013); Blanco-Canqui (2021); Burrell et al. (2016); de Jesus Duarte et al. (2019); Martinsen et al. (2014); de Melo Carvalho et al. (2014); Omondi et al. (2016); Qian et al. (2020)

Biological properties

Increase of microbial biomass, activity, or diversity

E.g. Blanco-Canqui (2021); Gao et al. (2019); Gopal et al. (2020); Gul et al. (2015); Gwenzi et al. (2015); Han et al. (2021); Heitkötter and Marschner (2015); Hossain et al. (2020); Jaafar et al. (2015); Liu et al. (2015); Madiba et al. (2016); Nelissen et al. (2014a); Prommer et al. (2014); Sánchez-García et al. (2015); Xu et al. (2016); Van Zwieten et al. (2010a)

Habitat for microorganisms

E.g. Gul et al. (2015); Kim et al. (2013); Lehmann et al. (2011);

Molnár et al. (2016)

Increase of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation

E.g. Blackwell et al. (2010); Gopal et al. (2020); LeCroy et al. (2013); Lehmann et al. (2011); Madiba et al. (2016); Shen et al. (2016); Solaiman et al. (2010); Warnock et al. (2007)

Increase of earthworm abundance and activity

E.g. Kamau et al. (2019); Topoliantz et al. (2005); Van Zwieten et al. (2010b)