Parent material defined as the reference to unconsolidated mass from which the solum is developed by pedogenic processes (soil survey manual)

Particle size distribution is the fractions of the various soil separates in a soil sample, often expressed as mass percentages.

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Soil organic matter (SOM) is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of plant and animal detritus at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil microbes, and substances that soil microbes synthesize

Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their physical texture

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