Country (Year) (Author) | Environmental factors (severity) | Study outcome | Type of ANCA | Pulmonary involvement |
Renal Vasculitis studies |
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Japan (2011) (The Great East) Takeuchi et al. [10] | Earthquake (magnitude 9.0) | Positive | MPO > PR3 | Ground glass changes in CT chest (65%) |
New Zealand (2011) (Christchurch) Farquhar et al. [11] | Earthquake (magnitude 6.4) | Negative | PR3 > MPO | Upper respiratory (40%) Lower respiratory (48%) |
Japan (1995) (Kobe) Yashiro et al. [9] | Earthquake (magnitude 7.2) | Positive | MPO > PR3 | Pulmonary symptoms (57%) |
Pulmonary Vasculitis study |
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Japan (2011) (Tohoku Region) Ebisawa et al. [12] | Earthquake (magnitude < 6) |
| ANCA results: 18.2% (Pre-), 14.3% (Post-earthquake) | Significant increase in silica on bronchoscopy lung lavages but no difference in lung haemorrhage |