Country (Year) (Author)

Environmental factors (severity)

Study outcome

Type of ANCA

Pulmonary involvement

Renal Vasculitis studies

Japan (2011)

(The Great East)

Takeuchi et al. [10]

Earthquake

(magnitude 9.0)

Positive

MPO > PR3

Ground glass changes in CT chest (65%)

New Zealand (2011)

(Christchurch)

Farquhar et al. [11]

Earthquake

(magnitude 6.4)

Negative

PR3 > MPO

Upper respiratory (40%)

Lower respiratory (48%)

Japan (1995)

(Kobe)

Yashiro et al. [9]

Earthquake

(magnitude 7.2)

Positive

MPO > PR3

Pulmonary symptoms (57%)

Pulmonary Vasculitis study

Japan (2011)

(Tohoku Region)

Ebisawa et al. [12]

Earthquake

(magnitude < 6)

ANCA results:

18.2% (Pre-), 14.3% (Post-earthquake)

Significant increase in silica on bronchoscopy lung lavages but no difference in lung haemorrhage