Fixation distance

5 m

2 m

1 m

0.5 m

0.33 m

DE

objective refraction (D)

−0.20 ± 0.34

−0.45 ± 0.43*

−1.00 ± 0.42***

−1.51 ± 0.32***

−2.47 ± 0.34***

NDE

objective refraction (D)

−0.29 ± 0.35

−0.35 ± 0.38

−1.00 ± 0.49***

−1.55 ± 0.39***

−2.53 ± 0.35***

DE

pupil diameter (mm)

6.3 ± 0.9

6.2 ± 0.8

6.2 ± 0.8

6.0 ± 1.0*

5.8 ± 0.9*

NDE

pupil diameter (mm)

6.0 ± 0.9

6.2 ± 1.0

6.0 ± 0.9

5.9 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 1.1*