Fixation distance

5 m

2 m

1 m

0.5 m

0.33 m

DE

objective refraction (D)

−0.09 ± 0.42

−0.45 ± 0.53**

−1.00 ± 0.45***

−1.56 ± 0.31***

−2.49 ± 0.41***

NDE

objective refraction (D)

−0.25 ± 0.39

−0.44 ± 0.54

−0.90 ± 0.48***

−1.49 ± 0.48***

−2.43 ± 0.48***

DE

pupil diameter (mm)

5.6 ± 0.8

5.6 ± 0.7

5.7 ± 0.8

5.4 ± 0.8

5.1 ± 0.9*

NDE

pupil diameter (mm)

5.6 ± 0.8

5.8 ± 0.8

5.8 ± 0.8

5.5 ± 0.7

5.2 ± 0.9*