Mediator

Effect

Histamine

Pruritis, urticaria, gastric hypersecretion, bronchoconstriction, increased vasopermeability, systemic hypotension

Heparin

Local anticoagulation, osteopenia, osteoporosis

Proteases

Fibrinogen degradation, stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, activation of procollagenase and tissue remodeling (degrade fibronectin)

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTD4, LTC4, LTE4)

Increased vasopermeability, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction

Prostaglandins (PGD2)

Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, flushing

Platelet activating factor

Increased vasopermeability, vasodilation

Cytokines (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, Nerve growth factor)

Activation of vascular endothelial cells, cachexia, fibrosis

Growth factors (IL-3, IL-5, IL-6)

Mast cell and eosinophil proliferation, B cell proliferation with polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins and paraproteins