x

y

ε ( x , y )

0

0

ε ( 0 , 0 )

0.1a

0.1 a τ

ε ( 0.1 a , 0.1 a τ )

1

τ

ε ( 1 , τ )

a

a τ

ε ( a , a τ )

2a

2 a τ

ε ( 2 a , 2 a τ )

for a general point, x 0

y 0 = τ x 0

ε ( x 0 , τ x 0 )