SA as a | ||
learning material | learning-teaching-testing tool | testing instrument |
formative descriptive feed-forward process-oriented autonomous learning development-oriented learning/learner-centered continuous/on-going assessment assessment for/as learning (AfL/AaL) focus on quality of learning in progress | AND | summative judgmental grade/feedback product-oriented accountable teaching performance-oriented exam/teacher-centered achievement examination assessment of learning (AoL) focus on reliability and validity |