SA as a

learning material

learning-teaching-testing tool

testing instrument

formative

descriptive

feed-forward

process-oriented

autonomous learning

development-oriented

learning/learner-centered

continuous/on-going assessment

assessment for/as learning (AfL/AaL)

focus on quality of learning in progress

AND

summative

judgmental

grade/feedback

product-oriented

accountable teaching

performance-oriented

exam/teacher-centered

achievement examination

assessment of learning (AoL)

focus on reliability and validity