Group | Confrontation | Avoidance | Resignation | |||
before | after | before | after | before | after | |
Observation (n = 46) | 10.12 ± 1.25 | 20.34 ± 2.74* | 16.37 ± 1.93 | 8.12 ± 0.75* | 12.39 ± 1.74 | 5.37 ± 0.61* |
Control (n = 30) | 10.19 ± 1.32 | 14.78 ± 1.55* | 16.45 ± 1.99 | 13.12 ± 1.44* | 12.32 ± 1.69 | 9.35 ± 1.25* |
t | 33.310 | 11.921 | 0.195 | 20.712 | 0.195 | 19.470 |
P | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.844 | 0.000 | 0.845 | 0.000 |