Group

Confrontation

Avoidance

Resignation

before

after

before

after

before

after

Observation (n = 46)

10.12 ± 1.25

20.34 ± 2.74*

16.37 ± 1.93

8.12 ± 0.75*

12.39 ± 1.74

5.37 ± 0.61*

Control (n = 30)

10.19 ± 1.32

14.78 ± 1.55*

16.45 ± 1.99

13.12 ± 1.44*

12.32 ± 1.69

9.35 ± 1.25*

t

33.310

11.921

0.195

20.712

0.195

19.470

P

0.000

0.000

0.844

0.000

0.845

0.000