Group

Number

Clinical nursing

Health education

Psychological counseling,

Nursing and patient communication

Control group

40

17.00 ± 1.41

25.65 ± 1.95

16.65 ± 1.89

12.45 ± 1.09

Observation group

40

18.15 ± 1.81

28.10 ± 1.71

18.05 ± 1.63

13.85 ± 1.13

t

−2.236

−4.216

−2.479

−3.960

P

0.032

<0.001

0.017

<0.001