Categories of Obstetrical Violence | Examples |
1. Physical Abuse | Slap during delivery Physically restrain during delivery Perform unnecessary procedures [12] |
2. Non-Consensual Care | Impose temporary or permanent contraception after delivery, or forced C-section for non-vital medical reasons [2] Patient’s permission before performing a procedure not asked |
3. Non-Confidential Care | Absence of curtains or a blanket during examinations [4] |
4. Non-Dignified Care | Force patients to deliver in a supine position even if not necessary [14] Joking about patient’s pain |
5. Discrimination | Talk in a language that patients do not understand [15] Allow medical students to perform unnecessary medical procedures on patients in public facilities to learn, while refraining to do so for patients with private healthcare [7] |
6. Abandonment of Care | Deliver without skilled birth attendants Discharge patients against their will if refuse recommended treatment |
7. Detention in Facilities | Detain in facility for failure to pay |