Variable

2020

2023

% Change

χ2

d.f

P-value

Family size(mean)

5.32

4.2

−1.12

66.986

4

0.000

Female headship %

40

34.9

−5.1

0.053

1

0.819

Occupation of the main earners

8.5

6.4

2.1

Local businessman %

20.5

31.2

10.7

Job holder %

4.5

2.8

−1.7

Skilled labor %

10.5

16.5

6.0

76.128

7

0.000

Day laborer %

15.5

21.1

5.6

Tempo/rickshaw/van/bus helper %

10.0

3.6

−6.4

Hawker/Grocery shop %

25.5

8.3

−17.2

Agriculture % retired person

5.0

10.1

5.1

Material of house-cement/brick %

45

40

5

Tin %

30

40

10

24.39

2

0.000

Bamboo %

25

20

–5

Type of latrine used sanitary %

45.5

56.3

10.8

Kacha %

39.1

30.2

−8.9

23.391

2

0.000

Open space %

15.4

13.5

−1.9

Household owns homestead land %

67

46.8

−20.2

105.52

1

0.000

Own cultivable land %

20

15.6

−4.4

23.767

1

0.000

Own livestock %

62

45.0

−17

105.040

1

0.000

Monthly income up to 10,000%

2.5

5.7

3.2

10,000% - 20,000%

27.5

51.1

23.6

16.80

2

0.000

20,000% - 30,000%

70.0

43.2

−26.8