Climate forcing Wm² [13]

Driving forces

Effects

Marine environment

Continental environment

Positive

NO_x (0.2)

FCHC (0.2)

CH₄ (0.3)

CO₂ (1.3)

Solar radiation + 2.2

Magmatic degassing

• Large Igneous Provinces LIP

• Mid-Oceanic Ridge MORB

• Volcanic arcs

• Rift degassing

Major impacting

Volcanic tephra and impact outfall

Plate motion

Solar radiation

Milankovitch Cycles Moon recession rate Earth’s rotational velocity

Regressive System Track (RST)

Sequence B. (SB)

Carbonates, evaporates on plate.

Unconformity, Hiatus

Acidification

Increasing ∂¹³C

Arkosic siliciclastics, eolianite

Carbonates, evaporates in lakes, tuffite

Smectite, pH > 7

Calcimorphic soils

Ferrigenous soils

Fast facies change

Unconformity, Hiatus

Volcanic tephra and impact outfall

Temperature rise

Increasing aridity

Negative

Ozone loss (0.25)

Sulfate and smoke (0.55)

Clouding increase (0.4)

Tephra: Pinatubo up to −3.2 (8/1992)

Transgressive System Tracks (TST) " Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFS)

Tidal dissipation

Black shale, Tuffite

pH, Eh-decreasing

Acidification Decreasing ∂¹³C

Atmosphric hazard

Acid sturz rain,

Flash flood

Mass flow, siliciclastics fining upward cycles (FUC)

Loss of mineral content " quartz arenite

Reworking, resedimentation

Hydromorphic soil

Kaolinite

Volcanic tephra and impact outfall

Temperature fall

Increasing humidity

Cosmic winter, mass extinction