| Scores | ||
Research group (n = 44) | Non-research group (n = 156) | P | |
Scientific research consciousness Literature consulting ability Project design ability Data analysis and processing ability Paper writing ability | 11.57 ± 2.12 11.55 ± 2.53 9.32 ± 1.86 12.39 ± 2.12 9.57 ± 1.79 | 6.59 ± 1.98 5.23 ± 2.72 5.93 ± 2.03 9.48 ± 1.89 9.15 ± 2.12 | <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.124 |