| AUTHORSHIP | - disputes/disagreements between authors related to the content of the article - publication of the article without the consent or knowledge of all authors - listing as authors of people who are not aware of the research - changing authors after article submission |
| EDITORIAL | - duplicate publication of an article in the same journal - other editorial errors (publication before peer review, publication of a wrong version) |
| ETHICS | - lack of patient/patients’ consent - withdrawal of consent by the patient/patients after the publication of the article - lack of IRB. approval from the institution where the research was conducted/non-compliance with the protocol - failure to comply with the protocol for which the initial IRB approval was obtained - violation of other ethical norms (conflicts of interest, laboratory animals ethics) - publication of an article in which data are used without approval (non-ethical use of data) |
| FRAUD | - manipulating the peer review process by different methods (fake email addresses, fake peer review reports) - forged information (authors, grants, forged ethics agreements, forged consent) - the use in the article of unauthorized or illegally obtained information |
| IMAGES | - any situation in which one of the reasons for withdrawing the article was related to the images used in it |
| MISTAKES/INCONSISTENT DATA | - any type of error that invalidates the results in the article - fabrication of data or results |
| OVERLAP | - re-use of texts, data, or other elements of the article contained in an article published by the same author or group of authors (does not apply to images, which are analyzed separately) - publishing the same article in two or more different journals |
| PLAGIARISM | - use of any information contained in an article already published by other authors (does not apply to images, which are analyzed separately) |
| PROPERTY OR LEGAL CONCERNS | - article in which information protected by copyright or other legal means is used may entail legal liability for the author/publisher/publisher |
| OTHER | - other reasons that do not fall into those described above |