Retraction Reason

Single reason

ET (95% CI)

G

D

A

CS

1

Mistakes/inconsistent data

1247

25.24 (23.89 - 26.6)

37.16

25.88

6.31

8.51

2

Images

887

52.01 (49.83 - 54.19)

47.29

34.96

7.16

7.67

3

Plagiarism

519

22.38 (20.64 - 24.12)

29.77

16.67

4.10

3.04

4

Overlap

441

22.74 (20.58 - 24.89)

20.02

11.49

5.21

3.72

5

Fraud

317

22.83 (21.29 - 24.38)

12.56

9.11

5.21

3.37

6

Unclear

246

18.14 (15.34 - 20.94)

12.26

7.55

4.96

4

7

Ethics

196

32.35 (27.56 - 37.13)

18.32

11.6

5.50

4.33

8

Editor

176

11.45 (8.83 - 14.08)

7.08

4.20

5.14

4.35

9

Property & Legal

84

13 (10.16 - 15.94)

10.35

6.95

5.51

4.98

10

Authorship

83

14.14 (10.15 - 18.14)

9.24

5.75

5.12

3.88

11

Other

55

19.36 (12.06 - 26.67)

18.98

13

3.73

14.55