| Retraction Reason | All | ET (95% CI) | G | D | A | CS |
1 | Mistakes/inconsistent data | 1553 | 26.95 (25.66 - 28.24) | 35.51 | 24.63 | 6.4 | 8.06 |
2 | Images | 1088 | 49.21 (47.27 - 51.15) | 44.57 | 32.9 | 7.05 | 7.64 |
3 | Plagiarism | 663 | 24.11 (22.52 - 25.7) | 27.84 | 16.15 | 4.64 | 3.20 |
4 | Overlap | 556 | 24.17 (22.18 - 26.16) | 20.51 | 12.37 | 5.33 | 4.04 |
5 | Fraud | 393 | 22.32 (20.9 - 23.74) | 12.87 | 9.24 | 5.59 | 3.49 |
6 | Ethics | 360 | 31.76 (28.32 - 35.21) | 20.69 | 13.45 | 5.43 | 4.53 |
7 | Authorship | 281 | 17.38 (15.04 - 19.72) | 11.41 | 7.23 | 5.53 | 3.93 |
8 | Unclear | 247 | 18.1 (15.31 - 20.89) | 12.21 | 7.52 | 4.97 | 3.99 |
9 | Editor | 181 | 11.26 (8.7 - 13.82) | 6.92 | 4.12 | 5.1 | 4.27 |
10 | Property & Legal | 121 | 12.7 (10.28 - 15.02) | 10.4 | 6.98 | 4.99 | 4.75 |
11 | Other | 63 | 19.62 (12.92 - 26.32) | 18.24 | 12.25 | 4.62 | 13.51 |
| All retractions (N = 4844) |
| 28.89 (28.10 - 29.68) | 29.07 | 19.82 | 5.83 | 6.03 |