Retraction Reason

All

ET (95% CI)

G

D

A

CS

1

Mistakes/inconsistent data

1553

26.95 (25.66 - 28.24)

35.51

24.63

6.4

8.06

2

Images

1088

49.21 (47.27 - 51.15)

44.57

32.9

7.05

7.64

3

Plagiarism

663

24.11 (22.52 - 25.7)

27.84

16.15

4.64

3.20

4

Overlap

556

24.17 (22.18 - 26.16)

20.51

12.37

5.33

4.04

5

Fraud

393

22.32 (20.9 - 23.74)

12.87

9.24

5.59

3.49

6

Ethics

360

31.76 (28.32 - 35.21)

20.69

13.45

5.43

4.53

7

Authorship

281

17.38 (15.04 - 19.72)

11.41

7.23

5.53

3.93

8

Unclear

247

18.1 (15.31 - 20.89)

12.21

7.52

4.97

3.99

9

Editor

181

11.26 (8.7 - 13.82)

6.92

4.12

5.1

4.27

10

Property & Legal

121

12.7 (10.28 - 15.02)

10.4

6.98

4.99

4.75

11

Other

63

19.62 (12.92 - 26.32)

18.24

12.25

4.62

13.51

All retractions (N = 4844)

28.89 (28.10 - 29.68)

29.07

19.82

5.83

6.03