Rahman & Bullock, 2005

Soft TQM, hard TQM, and organizational performance relationships: an empirical investigation

Workforce commitment, shared vision, customer focus, use of teams, cooperative supplier relations, JIT, technology utilization, continuous improvement.

Prajogo & Sohal, 2003

The relationship between TQM practices, quality performance, and innovation performance: An empirical examination.

Leadership, customer focus, information and analysis, people management, process management, strategic planning.

Terziovski & Samson, 1999

The link between total quality management practice and organisational performance

Leadership, customer focus, information and analysis, process management, people management, strategic planning management.

Motwani, 2001

Critical factors and performance measures of TQM

Top management commitment, quality measurement and benchmarking, process management, product design, employee training, employee empowerment, customer involvement, supplier management.

Feng et al., 2006

The impact of TQM practices on performance: A comparative study between Australian and Singaporean organizations

Leadership, HRM, customer focus, process management.

Brah et al., 2000

Relationship between TQM and Performance of Singapore Companies.

Top management, employee empowerment, employee involvement, customer focus, quality improvement.

Hassan & Kerr, 2003

The relationship between total quality management practices and organizational performance in service organizations.

Top management commitment, employee involvement, training, supplier quality, quality cost, service design, quality techniques, benchmarking, customer satisfaction.

Samson & Terziovski, 1999

The relationship between total quality management practices and operational performance.

Leadership, HRM, customer focus.

Shafiq et al., 2019

The effect of TQM on organizational performance: empirical evidence from the textile sector of a developing country using SEM.

Leadership, process management, HRM, strategic planning.

Malik et al., 2010

TQM Practices & Organizational Performance: Evidence from Pakistani SMEs.

Top management commitment, customer focus, supplier relationships, employee involvement, employee empowerment, benchmarking, work environment.

Chong & Rundus, 2004

Total Quality Management, Market Competition and Organizational Performance.

Customer focus, product design.

Fotopoulos & Psomas, 2009

The impact of “soft” and “hard” TQM elements on quality management results.

Adoption of hard and soft TQM will improve organization performance

Hassan et al., 2012

Impact of TQM Practices on Firm’s Performance of Pakistan’s Manufacturing Organizations

Commitment to quality, employee involvement, customer focus, fact-based management, process monitoring and control, incentive and recognition system, continuous improvement.

Rahman, 2001

A comparative study of TQM practice and organizational performance of SMEs with and without ISO 9000 certification.

Leadership, Information and analysis, strategic planning, people management, customer focus, processes/products services.

Pambreni et al., 2019

The influence of total quality management toward organization performance

Customer focus, continuous improvement, strategic planning, employee involvement.