Method | Statistic | Prob.** | Cross-sections | Obs |
Null: Unit root (assumes common unit root process) | ||||
Levin, Lin & Chu t* | −1.16456 | 0.1221 | 5 | 125 |
Null: Unit root (assumes individual unit root process) | ||||
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | 1.80485 | 0.9645 | 5 | 125 |
ADF-Fisher Chi-square | 4.33450 | 0.9310 | 5 | 125 |
PP-Fisher Chi-square | 2.18608 | 0.9947 | 5 | 130 |
Panel unit root test: Summary first difference | ||||
Method | Statistic | Prob.** | Cross-sections | Obs |
Null: Unit root (assumes common unit root process) | ||||
Levin, Lin & Chu t* | −2.11003 | 0.0174 | 5 | 120 |
Null: Unit root (assumes individual unit root process) | ||||
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | −2.67515 | 0.0037 | 5 | 120 |
ADF-Fisher Chi-square | 23.9785 | 0.0077 | 5 | 120 |
PP-Fisher Chi-square | 29.3166 | 0.0011 | 5 | 125 |