Variable Names

Measurement Methods

Data Sources

Economic situation

Annual per capita GDP (thousands of yuan)

China Statistical Yearbook

Financial situation

Year (expenditure within local budget-revenue within local budget)/expenditure within local budget (%)

China Statistical Yearbook

Urbanization rate

Annual urban population/total number of population (%)

China Statistical Yearbook

Real estate investment ratio

Real estate investment ÷ investment in fixed assets (%)

China Statistical Yearbook

5A scenic spot

The number of 5A scenic spot

Statistics from author

Acreage of the jurisdiction area the

Acreage of the provincial jurisdiction area (10,000 square kilometers)

China Statistical Yearbook

Pressure from central governments

Dichotomous variables. With the characteristic town policy issued by central government for the first time as the standard, the value will be 0 before the central order is issued, while the value will be 1 after the order is issued.

Central government website

Pressure from governments at the same level

In a province, the percentage of provinces adopting the characteristic town policy (%)

Provincial government websites