Mother’s educational background (mean ± standard deviation)

F

Junior high school and below (n = 177)

College (n = 29)

Bachelor’s degree or above (n = 11)

High school or vocational school (n = 139)

Career Self-Concept

20.42 ± 5.42

21.17 ± 3.83

21.27 ± 2.61

21.49 ± 3.43

1.484

Retention Benefits and Departure Risks

12.65 ± 3.94

16.14 ± 3.13

16.91 ± 2.26

11.73 ± 3.27

17.317***

Social Comparison and Self-Reflection

11.29 ± 2.46

11.31 ± 2.62

12.00 ± 2.97

10.68 ± 2.50

2.163

Autonomy in Career Choices

6.78 ± 1.96

8.59 ± 1.32

10.00 ± 0.00

6.22 ± 1.58

27.589***

Social Persuasion

7.42 ± 1.56

7.86 ± 1.43

7.00 ± 1.18

7.43 ± 1.80

0.910