Standard from deeper level:

Alternative:

Mass

M = λ ¯ 1 c (kg)

M g = t p l p λ ¯ (collision-time mass)

Energy

E = M c 2 (joule)

E g = l p l p λ ¯ (gravitational energy)

Gravitational constant

G = l p 2 c 3

c g m/s

Non observable (contains GMm)

Gravity force

F = G M m R 2 (kg∙m∙s−2)

F = c g E g E g R 2 m/s

F = c g 3 M g m g R 2 m/s

Observable predictions, identical for the two methods: (contains only GM)

Gravity acceleration

g = G M R 2 = c 2 l p 2 λ ¯ R 2

g = c g 2 E g R 2 = c g 2 l p 2 λ ¯ R 2

Orbital velocity

v o = G M R = c l p 2 λ ¯ R

v o = c g E g R = c g l p 2 λ ¯ R

Orbital time

T = 2 π R G M R = 2 π R c l p 2 λ ¯ R

T = 2 π R c g E g R = 2 π R c g l p 2 λ ¯ R

Velocity ball Newton cradle

v o u t = 2 G M R 2 H = c R 2 l p 2 λ ¯ H

v o u t = c g R E g H = c g R 2 l p 2 λ ¯ H

Periodicity Pendulum (clock)

T = 2 π L g = 2 π R L G M = 2 π c R L λ ¯ l p 2

T = 2 π R c g L E g = 2 π c g R L λ ¯ l p 2

Frequency Newton spring

f = 1 2 π R G M x = c 2 π R l p 2 λ ¯ x

f = c g 2 π R E g x = c g 2 π R l p 2 λ ¯ x

Gravitational red shift

z = 1 2 G M R 1 c 2 1 2 G M R 2 c 2 1 = 1 2 l p 2 λ ¯ R 1 1 2 l p 2 λ ¯ R 2 1

z = 1 2 E g R L 1 2 E g R h 1 = 1 2 l p 2 λ ¯ R 1 1 2 l p 2 λ ¯ R 2 1