| Variable | DESCRIPTION | EXPECTED SIGN |
| GDP I
GDP J
POP J
OPN J
DIS IJ
LANG IJ
RTA IJ
BORDER (IJ) | Egyptian gross domestic product (current US$).
Trading partner’s gross domestic product (current US$).
The population of the importing country.
Partner’s trading openness rate (total trade/real GDP).
The Distance between Cairo and trading partner’s capital.
Partner speaks the Arabic language, and the Dummy variable takes the value 1 when the importer country speaks the same language and the value 0 for the otherwise.
Partner signed a regional or free trade agreement, and the Dummy variable takes the value 1 when Egypt and its trading partner in the same RTA, and the value 0 for the otherwise.
The dummy variable takes value 1 when Egypt and its trading partner share a common border, and the value 0 for the otherwise. | +
+
+/-
-/+
-
+
+
+ |