Parameters

definition

a

market demand

$\lambda$

consumer low-carbon preference ( $\lambda >0$ )

c

unit production cost

b

cross price sensitivity coefficient ( $b\in \left[0,1\right]$ )

k

carbon emission reduction investment cost coefficient ( $k>0$ )

$q_r,q_d$

retail channel and direct channel order volume

$\theta ,1-\theta$

Consumers’ preference for retail and direct channel ( $\theta \in \left[0,1\right]$ )

${\prod }_m^i,{\prod }_r^i,{\prod }_C^i$

The revenue of manufacturer, retailer and supply chain in scenario i, where $i=RST,RSF,MST,MSF$ (The superscript RS means retailer-led, MS means manufacturer-led, T means unified pricing, and F means separate pricing)