Level of Analysis

Values Transformation

Time Transformation

Space Transformation

Individual Level

Age-life stages, adolescence, maturity (Schwartz, 2004; Bardi & Goodwin, 2011; Milfont et al., 2016; Gouveia et al., 2015; Foad, Maio, & Hanel, 2021)

Religion (personal matter)

Family ties (micro-level)

(World Values Survey, 2022)

Societal Level

Economic development (Marx, 1935; Inglehart & Baker, 2000; Gouveia et al., 2015)

Transition from the traditional to the industrial and post-industrial era (Inglehart, 1997)

Social and technical changes, technology evolution (Danaher, 2021; WEF, 2022)

Democratization, political stability (Gouveia et al., 2015)

Economic, physical security/stability, religion (geographical region), family ties (macro-level) (World Values Survey, 2022)

Individual and Societal Level

Different periods of time-a value can be realized differently, partially, or fully rejected

Individual’s welfare-developed societies, religion (personal matter, depending on geographical region); family ties (micro/macro-level)