(Japanese Companies)

Women

Men

(explanatory variables)

(Unit)

Non title

Lower

Manager

Middle

Manager

Higher

Manager

Non title

Lower

Manager

Middle

Manager

Higher

Manager

Human capital theory

Average Age

Avg Age

−0.01

0.03^*

−0.02

0.01

−0.03^**

0.03

0.002

−0.001^****

Ratio of graduate University

−0.25

0.05

−0.04

0.02

−0.22^*

−0.18

−0.01

0.10

Average Tenure

year

0.17^****

0.04

0.05

0.03

0.14^****

0.10^**

0.04

−0.06

(tenure) 2

(year) 2

−0.01^****

−0.001

−0.0002

−0.0004

−0.003^***

−0.002^*

−0.0003

0.002^**

A company attribute

Middle sized dummy (employee 81 - 300)

(=1)

−1.76^****

−1.52^****

−1.13^****

−1.33^****

−2.18^****

−2.40^****

−2.09^****

−1.77^****

Tertiary industry dummy

(=1)

0.02

−0.36

0.02

0.33

−0.38^**

−0.69^****

−0.86^****

−0.54^***

Four Prefectures Around Capital dummy

(=1)

0.44^**

1.22^****

1.47^****

0.70^*

0.23

0.80^****

0.66^***

0.62^***

Three Prefectures Around Kinki dummy

(=1)

0.01

0.78^*

−0.12

−0.14

−0.10

−0.13

A life

(household level) factor

ratio of spouse

−0.75^****

−0.16^***

−0.01

−0.03^*

−0.20

−0.46^**

−0.32

−0.23^***

Ratio of preschool child

−0.25

0.54

0.09

0.14

−1.17^*

−0.51

−0.55

−0.02

Ratio of under high school child

−0.81

−0.80^***

−0.13

−0.26

−0.15

0.58

0.27

0.01

The personnel affairs’ view about the factor that there are few women’s manager

View 1) man does not have a burden of housework, child care and the care

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.43

0.32

0.52

0.07

0.20

0.40

0.50

0.29

View 2) man does not have the pregnancy, delivery

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.23

−0.26

−1.50^**

−0.66

−0.10

−0.32

−0.68^*

−0.39

View 3) male employee is given a certain responsibility working fine opportunity

(1 & 2 = 1)

−1.22^****

−0.76^***

−0.45

0.03

−0.73^***

−0.45

−0.60^**

−0.58^***

View 4) man has ability than a woman

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.30

−0.36

−0.27

0.06

−0.32

−0.13

−0.24

−0.09

View 5) personnel affairs’ stuff is almost men

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.22

0.24

0.51

0.14

0.09

0.02

0.06

0.23

View 6) man is higher motivation for promotion than women

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.11

0.21

0.47

0.26

0.28

0.50^**

0.73^****

0.63^***

View 7) woman doesn’t want to continue working for long run

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.50^**

0.41

0.33

0.05

0.41^**

0.26

0.20

0.12

Constant term

5.66^****

2.02^**

3.07^**

1.88^*

7.51^****

4.05^****

5.03^****

4.77^****

lnalpha _cons

0.01

0.26^**

0.19

0.11

0.08

0.28^***

0.22^**

−0.03

Test

Log likelihood

−1039.2

−571.4

−391.8

−273.1

−1224.9

−940.9

−899.2

−763.5

AIC (Akaike information criterion)

2118.5

1182.8

823.5

586.1

2489.7

1921.8

1838.4

1566.9

BIC (Bayes information criterion)

2182.6

1241.0

875.4

633.3

2554.1

1985.2

1902.2

1630.7

LR chi2

211.1^****

131.4^****

81.0^****

49.2^****

221.9^****

217.5^****

223.5^****

Pseudo R2

0.09

0.10

0.09

0.08

0.11

0.13

Number of obs

182

136

185

176

179

(Chinese Companies)

Women

Men

(explanatory variables)

(Unit)

Non title

Lower

Manager

Middle

Manager

Higher

Manager

Non title

Lower

Manager

Middle

Manager

Higher

Manager

Human capital theory

Average Age

Avg Age

−0.02

0.03

−0.07^****

0.01

−0.06^**

−0.02

−0.05^****

−0.03^****

Ratio of graduate University

−0.28

−0.68^***

−1.36^****

−5.99^****

−0.08

−1.03^****

−1.38^****

−3.63^****

Average Tenure

year

1.19^****

0.40^**

0.12

−0.03

0.39

0.09

0.15^**

−0.01

(tenure) 2

(year) 2

−0.16^****

−0.03^**

−0.003

0.003

−0.04

0.004

−0.01

0.0004

A company attribute

Middle sized dummy (employee100 - 499)

(=1)

−1.71^****

−1.55^****

−1.16^****

−0.89^****

−1.81^****

−1.31^****

−1.03^****

−0.97^****

Tertiary industry dummy

(=1)

0.15

−0.15

0.10

0.02

−0.11

−0.25^***

−0.08

Shanghai City dummy

(=1)

0.01

−0.09

−0.12

−0.05

0.05

−0.70^****

−0.36^***

−0.06

Guangzhou City dummy

(=1)

−0.28^*

−0.32^**

−0.06

−0.24

−0.52^****

−0.47^****

−0.13

A life (household

level) factor

ratio of spouse

2.35^***

−1.84^****

0.63^*

−0.07

1.70^**

−0.02

−0.24

−1.03^****

Ratio of preschool child

−5.49^****

−0.61

−1.29^****

−0.17

−6.86^****

−2.25^****

−1.06^*

−0.31

Ratio of under high school child

−5.54^****

−0.17

−0.65^**

−0.06

−3.00^**

−1.17

0.21

−0.14

The personnel affairs’ view about the factor that there are few

women’s manager

view 1) man does not have a burden of housework, child care and the care

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.47^**

−0.87^****

−0.53^****

−0.36^**

−0.43^**

−0.41^**

−0.45^***

−0.09

view 2) man does not have the pregnancy, delivery

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.39^*

0.60^***

0.46^***

0.42^*

0.53^**

0.21

0.38^**

0.14

view 3) male employee is given a certain responsibility working fine opportunity

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.29

−0.05

−0.26^*

0.05

0.28

0.02

−0.07

−0.11

view 4) man has ability than a woman

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.25

0.36^**

0.21

−0.03

0.46^**

0.30^**

0.31^**

0.09

view 5) personnel affairs’ stuff is almost men

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.68^****

−0.43^***

−0.31^**

−0.23

−0.63^***

−0.21

−0.18

−0.07

view 6) man is higher motivation for promotion than women

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.77^****

0.52^***

0.42^***

0.50^***

0.77^****

0.31^*

0.33^**

0.26^*

view 7) woman doesn’t want to continue working for long run

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.35^*

0.07

−0.10

−0.28^**

−0.42^**

−0.38^***

−0.43^****

−0.28^**

Constant term

5.52^****

3.50^****

5.95^****

7.27^****

8.42^****

6.07^****

6.62^****

8.04^****

lnalpha _cons

−0.16^**

−0.46^****

−0.88^****

−1.12^****

−0.09

−0.57^****

−0.84^****

−1.14^****

Test

Log likelihood

−1885.2

−1188.3

−917.1

−641.2

−1925.4

−1240.9

−1038.7

−762.6

AIC (Akaike information criterion)

3810.3

2416.7

1874.2

1322.3

3890.8

2521.8

2117.4

1565.1

BIC (Bayes information criterion)

3883.2

2489.5

1947.0

1393.7

3963.7

2594.6

2190.2

1638.0

LR chi2

316.7^****

256.9^****

224.7^****

142.0^****

305.1^****

262.5^****

237.2^****

209.2^****

Pseudo R2

0.078

0.098

0.109

0.100

0.073

0.096

0.103

0.121

Number of obs

282

281

262

282

(Korean Companies)

Women

Men

(explanatory variables)

(Unit)

Non title

Lower

Manager

Middle

Manager

Higher

Manager

Non title

Lower

Manager

Middle

Manager

Higher

Manager

Human apital theory

Average Age

Avg Age

0.03^***

−0.03

−0.003

−0.07^**

0.04^****

−0.03

−0.01

0.01

Ratio of graduate University

−0.11

0.55^**

0.45^*

−0.07

−0.71^****

−0.05

0.52^**

1.13^****

Average Tenure

year

−0.12^*

0.04

0.01

0.15^**

0.09^**

−0.04

0.07^*

0.02

(tenure) 2

(year) 2

0.01

−0.002

−0.001

−0.004^*

0.003^*

−0.001

0.0002

A company attribute

Middle sized dummy (employee100 - 299)

(=1)

−1.95^****

−0.99^****

−0.97^****

0.08

−1.26^****

−0.92^****

−0.79^****

−0.89^****

Tertiary industry dummy

(=1)

0.10

0.71^****

0.75^****

0.13

−0.03

0.02

−0.28^**

−0.48^****

Seoul City dummy

(=1)

0.42^***

0.35^**

0.34^**

0.56^**

−0.06

0.32^**

0.60^****

0.67^****

A life (household level) factor

ratio of spouse

0.13

0.09

−0.30

0.44

−0.36

0.13

−0.54

−0.70

Ratio of preschool child

0.46^**

0.11

0.39

−0.04

0.35^**

0.19

0.08

0.74^*

Ratio of under high school child

0.25

0.37

0.01

0.07

0.30

0.74^***

−0.01

0.39

The personnel affairs’ view about the factor that there are few women’s manager

view 1) man does not have a burden of housework, child care and the care

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.34

0.13

0.17

0.09

0.04

−0.12

0.02

−0.41^**

view 2) man does not have the pregnancy, delivery

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.51^***

0.39^**

0.51^**

0.49

0.03

0.28

0.28^*

0.31

view 3) male employee is given a certain responsibility working fine opportunity

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.06

−0.11

0.20

−0.06

0.03

−0.13

0.12

−0.05

view 4) man has ability than a woman

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.30

0.09

−0.29

−0.27

0.16

−0.13

−0.35^**

0.001

view 5) personnel affairs’ stuff is almost men

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.21

−0.09

0.05

0.23

0.20^*

0.06

0.23^*

0.51^***

view 6) man is higher motivation for promotion than women

(1 & 2 = 1)

−0.09

0.11

−0.35^**

0.28

−0.02

0.30^**

−0.004

−0.27^*

view 7) woman doesn’t want to continue working for long run

(1 & 2 = 1)

0.35^**

0.06

−0.05

−0.18

−0.12

−0.05

0.02

0.24^*

Constant term

3.95^****

2.41^***

1.49^*

1.92

4.12^****

4.37^****

3.34^****

1.65^*

lnalpha_cons

0.02

−0.18

−0.21

−0.61^***

−0.61^****

−0.33^****

−0.27^***

−0.07

Test

Log likelihood

−1340.9

−758.7

−612.5

−208.1

−1494.1

−1095.3

−1201.5

−998.7

AIC (Akaike information criterion)

2719.9

1555.4

1263.0

454.2

3026.2

2228.6

2441.0

2035.5

BIC (Bayes information criterion)

2788.8

1619.9

1325.4

502.1

3095.2

2296.0

2509.5

2104.2

LR chi2

229.0^****

100.9^****

97.2^****

25.4^*

207.1^****

89.6^****

89.7^****

136.1^****

Pseudo R2

0.079

0.062

0.074

0.058

0.065

0.039

0.036

0.064

Number of obs

278

221

197

279

256

271

275