Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)

Relevant Indicators of SDGs used for this study

SDG1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Poverty rate; Poverty headcount ratio $1.9; Poverty headcount ratio $3.2 and children living under poverty line.

SDG2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture

Stunting is measured by the prevalence of stunting in children under age 5 years, % whereby Stunting is defined as below –2 SDs from the median height-for-age of the reference population. Wasting (2.2.2a) Prevalence of wasting in children under age 5 years, % Wasting is defined as below –2 SDs from the median weight-for-height of the reference population. The indicator 2.2.2 was separated into wasting (2.2.2a) and overweight (2.2.2b).

SDG3: Good health and well-being

Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births); Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births); Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1000 live births); Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 population); Age-standardized death rate due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease in adults aged 30 - 70 years (%); Age-standardized death rate attributable to household air pollution and ambient air pollution (per 100,000 population); Births attended by skilled health personnel (%); Universal health coverage (UHC) index of service coverage (worst 0 - 100 best); Subjective well-being (average ladder score, worst 0 - 10 best).

SDG4: Quality Education

Net primary enrollment rate (%); Lower secondary completion rate (%); Literacy rate (% of population aged 15 to 24).

SDG5: Gender equality

Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (% of females aged 15 to 49); Ratio of female-to-male mean years of education received (%); Ratio of female-to-male labor force participation rate (%); Seats held by women in national parliament (%).

SDG6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Population using at least basic drinking water services (%); Population using at least basic sanitation services (%); Freshwater withdrawal (% of available freshwater resources); Anthropogenic wastewater that receives treatment (%); Scarce water consumption embodied in imports (m³/capita).

SDG7: Affordable and clean energy

Population with access to electricity (%); Population with access to clean fuels and technology for cooking (%); emissions from fuel combustion for electricity and heating per total electricity output (MtCO₂/TWh).

SDG8: Decent work and economic growth

Adjusted GDP growth (%); Victims of modern slavery (per 1000 population); Adults with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population aged 15 or over); Unemployment rate (% of total labor force); Fundamental labor rights are effectively guaranteed (worst 0 - 1 best); Fatal work-related accidents embodied in imports (per 100,000 population).

SDG9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 population); Logistics Performance Index: Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure (worst 1 - 5 best); The Times Higher Education Universities Ranking: Average score of top 3 universities (worst 0 - 100 best); Scientific and technical journal articles (per 1000 population); Expenditure on research and development (% of GDP).

SDG10: Reduced inequality

Gini coefficient adjusted for top income; Palma ratio.

SDG11: Sustainable cities and communities

Proportion of urban population living in slums (%); Annual mean concentration of particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) (μg/m³); Access to improved water source, piped (% of urban population); Satisfaction with public transport (%).

SDG12: Responsible consumption and production

Municipal solid waste (kg/capita/day); Electronic waste (kg/capita); Production-based SO₂ emissions (kg/capita); SO₂ emissions embodied in imports (kg/capita); Production-based nitrogen emissions (kg/capita); Nitrogen emissions embodied in imports (kg/capita).

SDG13: Climate action

CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (tCO₂/capita); CO₂ emissions embodied in imports (tCO₂/capita); CO₂ emissions embodied in fossil fuel exports (kg/capita).

SDG14: Life below water

Mean area that is protected in marine sites important to biodiversity (%); Ocean Health Index: Clean Waters score (worst 0 - 100 best); Fish caught from overexploited or collapsed stocks (% of total catch); Fish caught by trawling or dredging (%).

SDG15: Life on land

Mean area that is protected in terrestrial sites important to biodiversity (%); Mean area that is protected in freshwater sites important to biodiversity (%); Red List Index of species survival (worst 0 - 1 best); Permanent deforestation (% of forest area, 5-year average); Terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity threats embodied in imports (per million population).

SDG16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

Homicides (per 100,000 population; Population who feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where they live (%); Birth registrations with civil authority (% of children under age 5); Corruption Perception Index (worst 0 - 100 best); Children involved in child labor (% of population aged 5 to 14); Press Freedom Index (best 0 - 100 worst).

SDG17: Partnership for the goals

Government spending on health and education (% of GDP); For high-income and all OECD DAC countries: International concessional public finance, including official development assistance (% of GNI); Other countries: Government revenue excluding grants (% of GDP); Corporate Tax Haven Score (best 0 - 100 worst); Statistical Performance Index (worst 0 - 100 best).