Cognitive Effects

Strong Association

Moderate Association

Weak Association

Memory Loss/Amnesia

Fentanyl overdose (Barash et al., 2020)

Fentanyl (Barash & Kofke, 2018)

Episodic Memory

Methadone at 100% daily dose (Curran et al., 2001)

Methadone (Mintzer et al., 2005))

10 mg morphine or 5 mg oxycodone (Friswell et al., 2008)

Dementia

Heavy opioid exposure (Dublin, 2015)

Patients with dementia also had higher opioid use (Jensen-Dahm et al., 2014)

Memory Consolidation

Methadone and buprenorphine therapy in pregnancy (Konijnenberg & Melinder, 2022)

Morphine with sustained-release opioid (Kamboj et al., 2005)

Inhibition Dysfunction/

Compulsive Behaviors

Heroin addiction leads to compulsive decision making (Fishbein et al., 2007)

Heroin users found to have increased impulsiveness (Kirby et al., 1999)

Long-term opioid users (Tolomeo et al., 2019)

Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (Mistler et al., 2022)

Longer Deliberation Times

Long term opioid use (Schiltenwolf et al., 2014)

Heroin (Fishbein 2007), Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (Mistler et al., 2022)

Working Memory

Long term opioid use (Schiltenwolf et al., 2014)

Chronic opioid use (Sjøgren et al., 2000; Sjøgren et al., 2005)

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Nygaard et al., 2015)

Visiospatial Memory

Long term opioid use (Schiltenwolf et al., 2014)

Methadone and buprenorphine treatment (Tolomeo et al., 2019)

Heroin (Baldacchino et al., 2018)

Cognitive Function

Neonatal Abstience Syndrome (Nygaard et al., 2015)

Methadone maintenance therapy (Mintzer et al., 2005)

Strong opioids for non-cancer pain (Schulte et al., 2021), Fentanyl and heroin use in HIV patients (Tamargo et al., 2020)

Behavioral and Emotional Disorders

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Fill et al., 2018)

Infants with subclinical intrauterine opioid exposure (Hall et al., 2019)

Educational Disabilities

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Fill et al., 2018; Nygaard et al., 2015)

POCD

Oral Morphine Equivalent (Awada et al., 2019)

High dose fentanyl (50 μg/kg) (Hou et al., 2018)