Cognitive Effects | Strong Association | Moderate Association | Weak Association |
Memory Loss/Amnesia | Fentanyl overdose (Barash et al., 2020) | Fentanyl (Barash & Kofke, 2018) |
|
Episodic Memory | Methadone at 100% daily dose (Curran et al., 2001) | Methadone (Mintzer et al., 2005)) | 10 mg morphine or 5 mg oxycodone (Friswell et al., 2008) |
Dementia |
|
| Heavy opioid exposure (Dublin, 2015) Patients with dementia also had higher opioid use (Jensen-Dahm et al., 2014) |
Memory Consolidation | Methadone and buprenorphine therapy in pregnancy (Konijnenberg & Melinder, 2022) | Morphine with sustained-release opioid (Kamboj et al., 2005) |
|
Inhibition Dysfunction/ Compulsive Behaviors | Heroin addiction leads to compulsive decision making (Fishbein et al., 2007) Heroin users found to have increased impulsiveness (Kirby et al., 1999) Long-term opioid users (Tolomeo et al., 2019) | Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (Mistler et al., 2022) |
|
Longer Deliberation Times | Long term opioid use (Schiltenwolf et al., 2014) | Heroin (Fishbein 2007), Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (Mistler et al., 2022) |
|
Working Memory | Long term opioid use (Schiltenwolf et al., 2014) Chronic opioid use (Sjøgren et al., 2000; Sjøgren et al., 2005) | Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Nygaard et al., 2015) |
|
Visiospatial Memory | Long term opioid use (Schiltenwolf et al., 2014) Methadone and buprenorphine treatment (Tolomeo et al., 2019) Heroin (Baldacchino et al., 2018) |
|
|
Cognitive Function | Neonatal Abstience Syndrome (Nygaard et al., 2015) | Methadone maintenance therapy (Mintzer et al., 2005) Strong opioids for non-cancer pain (Schulte et al., 2021), Fentanyl and heroin use in HIV patients (Tamargo et al., 2020) |
|
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders | Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Fill et al., 2018) |
| Infants with subclinical intrauterine opioid exposure (Hall et al., 2019) |
Educational Disabilities | Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (Fill et al., 2018; Nygaard et al., 2015) |
|
|
POCD |
| Oral Morphine Equivalent (Awada et al., 2019) | High dose fentanyl (50 μg/kg) (Hou et al., 2018) |