Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Explanatory Variables

Coefficient (RCSE)

Coefficient (RCSE)

Coefficient (BCSE)

Election-Specific Context

Incumbent

0.471* (0.224)

0.917** (0.270)

0.917* (0.376)

Candidate Profile

−0.0002 (0.0004)

−0.0001 (0.0003)

−0.0001 (0.0005)

Female Candidate

−0.150 (0.140)

−0.163 (0.139)

−0.163 (0.183)

Republican

0.182 (0.093)

0.226* (0.103)

0.226 (0.118)

Open Seat

0.554** (0.160)

0.575** (0.169)

0.575* (0.230)

Competitive Race

−0.209 (0.168)

−0.197 (0.165)

−0.197 (0.235)

State & Institutional Context

Divided Government

0.457** (0.132)

0.446** (0.127)

0.446** (0.162)

Formal Powers of Governors

−0.010 (0.023)

−0.008 (0.022)

−0.008 (0.029)

Contribution Limit

−0.036 (0.050)

−0.005 (0.056)

−0.005 (0.056)

Attributes of Contributors

Female Contributor

−0.346** (0.036)

−0.346** (0.036)

−0.346** (0.034)

In-state Contributor

0.701** (0.126)

0.674** (0.116)

0.674** (0.200)