Variable

Participation

Male

Female

Total

Chi-square values

Membership in formal social security schemes

Member

27 (33.3)

16 (15.5)

43 (23.4)

X² = 0.81

p = 0.04

Non-member

54 (66.7)

87 (84.5)

141 (76.6)

Membership in other forms of social protection

SACCOS

63 (34.2)

46 (25.0)

109 (59.2)

X² = 0.92,

p = 0.811

VICOBA

31 (16.8)

93 (50.5)

124 (67.3)

ROSCAS

0 (0.0)

11 (5.9)

11 (5.9)