Type of Interaction

Description

Characteristics

Political

Interaction

The sharing of a political procedure, system or resolution under mutual agreement, influences the efficiency of involved institutions in following their shared objectives.

Ÿ Collective efforts, e.g., co-arranging activities, coordinating tasks or co-writing publications.

Ÿ Joint decisions such as statements.

Ÿ Sharing of assets e.g., money or personnel.

Cognitive

Interaction

The information, expertise, knowledge and proposition of an institution influence the tasks of another institution.

Ÿ Sharing of information, e.g., Linking into each other’s data or citing each other’s publications.

Ÿ Transmission or transference of concepts and procedures, e.g., applying or implementing each other’s calculations or measures.

Normative

Interaction

The commitments, rules and philosophy of an institution influence the execution of another institution.

Ÿ Interconnected commitments, standards and principles, e.g., pursing similar or distinct objectives, understanding the core challenge congruously or divergently, or being steered by similar or incompatible values.

Ÿ Re-arrangement of commitments, standards and principles, e.g., positioning targets to work towards a common goal or intersecting definitions of the key issue.

Behavioural

Interaction

The practical and tactical conduct of an institution and its members incidentally influences the operation of another institution.

Ÿ (Non-) alignment of behavioral transformation that institutions seek to activate, e.g., the ratification of synergistic or conflictive incentives, or planning of beneficial or incongruous tasks, by their own members or other stakeholders.

Ÿ The interdependence of strategic behavior, e.g. observing, pressuring or chastening each other’s achievement.