Null hypothesis

F-statistic

Prob.

DEVEX does not granger causes COMMU

8.8709

0.0008

COMMU does not granger causes DEVEX

4.626

0.0165

GDP does not granger causes COMMU

6.5577

0.0038

GDP does not granger causes DEVEX

2.8153

0.0735

DEVEX does not granger causes GDP

8.639

0.0009

IND does not granger causes DEVEX

3.4005

0.0447

DEVEX does not granger causes IND

6.1677

0.0051