Variable

Relevant coefficient

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Model 7

Model 8

Constant

−0.654^*

3.214^***

4.251^**

5.019^**

3.584^*

5.241^*

2.524^**

2.987^**

Control variable

R & D time

0.114^**

0.376^**

0.321^**

0.337^**

0.315^**

0.364^**

0.347^**

0.434^**

Education background

independent variable

0.125^**

0.381^**

0.326^**

0.341^**

0.319^**

0.368^**

0.341^**

0.439^**

External factors

2.521^*

1.658^*

0.349

0.304

1.558^*

1.024^*

0.245

Internal factors

1.084^***

1.121^*

2.142^*

1.702^**

1.951^**

2.017^**

0.152

Intermediary factor

Intensive motivation

0.865^**

0.813^**

Honorary motivation

0.412^*

0.387^*

Transaction motivation

0.297^*

0.251^*

Blocking motivation

0.114^*

0.101^*

Protection motivation

0.364^*

0.307^*

F

13.151^***

15.142^***

22.041^***

21.941^***

23.541^***

22.624^***

20.561^***

17.652^***

R²

0.165

0.384

0.542

0.571

0.554

0.581

0.541

0.552

Adjusted R²

0.154

0.353

0.512

0.544

0.529

0.558

0.508

0.528