SPICE (for QUALITATIVE)

· Setting—where is the study set e.g., in a specific country, community, in a hospital, in a care home etc.

· Perspective—from whose perspective is the study done e.g., the patients, the health professionals., the carers etc.

· Intervention—what intervention is being examined?

· Comparison—is the intervention being compared with another?

· Evaluation—the outcome measures

Example: What are the experiences of occupational therapy in older cancer survivor, and in what ways are they different from the experiences of younger cancer survivors, during the Covid-19? -implications for therapy delivery

S—(Kuala Lumpur/ Hospital)

P—Cancer survivors -older vs younger

I—Hospital based rehabilitation/ therapy

C—NONE

E—Attitudes/experiences

PEO (for QUALITATIVE )

· Population—who is my question focussed on?

· Exposure—what is the issue I'm interested in?

· Outcomes or themes—what, in relation to the issue, do I want to examine?

Example: In what ways have distress intervention on mothers with breast cancer (during Covid 19 lockdown), improves their daily participation leading to better QOL

P—mothers with breast cancer

E—Stress, anxiety depression (DASS)

O—experiences of participation limitation

SPIDER (for QUALITATIVE TOPICS)

· Sample—the group of people being looked at, because qualitative research is not to generalize, but to understand.

· Phenomenon of Interest—reasons for behaviour and decisions, rather than an intervention.

· Design—the form of research used, such as interview or survey

· Evaluation—outcome measures.

· Research type—qualitative, quantitative and/or mixed methods.

Example: In what ways have the experiences of attending hospital follow-up during covid-19, been distressing and what self-management strategies used have lower distress level?

S—Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients

PI—distress during lockdown

D—(focus group? interviews? surveys?)

E—Experiences

R—(qualitative studies?)