Factor Cronbach’s α for all factor = 0.89

Factor loading

Item

1

2

3

4

5

Factor 1: Self-disgust Cronbach’s α = 0.87

65) My self-esteem was low

0.91

0.02

−0.02

−0.13

0.04

60) I had an anxious personality

0.88

−0.13

0.13

−0.02

−0.06

64) I was easily stressed

0.71

−0.01

−0.05

0.25

−0.03

51) I was a personality who could not ask someone for help when I was having difficulty

0.65

0.10

−0.09

0.04

0.08

56) I felt that no-one was listening to me when I resisted pressure from my surroundings

0.57

0.12

0.11

−0.15

0.11

Factor 2: Growing up in an inappropriate home environment Cronbach’s α = 0.84

22) I was disciplined inappropriately by a parent, such as by violence

−0.03

0.84

−0.04

−0.06

0.09

24) I had a bad relationship with my parents

0.11

0.83

−0.09

0.09

−0.12

28) I was living in poverty

−0.15

0.71

0.13

0.08

−0.03

25) I felt unable to live up to my parents’ excessive expectations

0.22

0.61

−0.02

0.03

−0.03

Factor 3: Reduction of norms consciousness for adolescents’ smoking Cronbach’s α = 0.8

19) My parents did not monitor whether or not I smoked

0.02

−0.09

0.89

0.10

−0.19

18) My parents never told me not to smoke

0.05

−0.07

0.74

−0.01

0.03

21)My parents never scolded me for smoking

0.03

0.20

0.50

−0.08

0.16

20) Adult members of my community had no interest in smoking by minors

−0.08

0.26

0.46

−0.01

0.19

Factor 4: Perception of smoking as stress relief Cronbach’s α = 0.73

39) I had the image or idea that smoking was good for relieving stress

−0.16

0.10

0.03

0.78

0.07

35) I was stressed

0.23

0.06

−0.02

0.68

−0.14

45) I smoked as a means of recreation

0.04

−0.14

0.08

0.52

0.36

Factor 5: Inadequate knowledge of the dangers of smoking Cronbach’s α= 0.75

48) I didn’t know how difficult it is to stop smoking

0.06

−0.07

−0.04

0.05

0.83

46) I didn’t have any knowledge about smoking

0.00

0.03

−0.04

0.02

0.73

Cumulative contribution rate

59.3