| Organizational power | Organization structure and relations | Warne and Hart (1996), Warne (1997), Ebrahim and Irani, (2005), Gauld (2007), Nielsen and Pedersen (2014), Scholl (2003), Boehm (2000), Janssen and Klievink (2012) and Janssen et al., (2013), (2015) |
| Politics | Government and top-level leaders’ commitment, and appropriate political support | Warne and Hart (1996), Warne (1997), Almarabeh and AbuAli (2010), Gauld (2007), Nielsen and Pedersen (2014), Tan et al. (2005), Lyytinen and Robey (1999), Verner et al. (2008) and Boehm (2000) |
| Education | Appropriate skills for project operation and acceptance, as well as execution of training activities | Pinto and Mantel (1990), Lyytinen and Robey (1999), Gichoya (2005), Almarabeh and AbuAli (2010), Goldfinch (2007), Verner et al. (2008), Scholl (2003) and Boehm (2000) |
| Project management issues | Underestimate of timeline; weak definitions of requirements and scope; inefficient risk analysis and management; unsuccessful monitoring and measurement | Pinto and Mantel (1990), Warne and Hart (1996), Warne (1997), Pardo and Scholl (2002), Yeo (2002), Gil-Garcia and Pardo (2005), Ebrahim and Irani (2005), Gichoya (2005), Almarabeh and AbuAli (2010), Sarantis et al. (2011), Goldfinch (2007), Verner et al. (2008), Hidding and Nicholas (2009), Gauld (2007), Nielsen and Pedersen (2014), Kappelman et al. (2006), Luk (2009), Ojiako et al. (2008), Scholl (2003), Kamal et al. (2011), Tan et al. (2005), Boehm (2000) and Aikins (2012) |
| Ambiguous business needs and unclear vision | Project’s objectives are not clear or justified for their necessity | Pinto and Mantel (1990), Warne and Hart (1996), Warne (1997), Yeo (2002), Gil-Garcia and Pardo (2005), Sarantis et al. (2011), Kappelman et al. (2006), Guha and Chakrabarti (2014), Scholl (2003), Kamal et al. (2011), Boehm (2000) and Nelson (2007) |
| Security and privacy Finance and operational costs | Project products do not secure transactions and sensitive information. Deliverables’ operation and maintenance costs were underestimated and not secured | Ebrahim and Irani (2005), Almarabeh and AbuAli (2010) and Scholl (2003) Ebrahim and Irani (2005), Gichoya (2005), Almarabeh and AbuAli (2010) and Guha and Chakrabarti (2014) |
| ICT and system development process | Problems with regard to infrastructure, data, compatibility, information management | Pinto and Mantel (1990), Warne and Hart (1996), Warne (1997), Ebrahim and Irani, 2005; Gichoya (2005), Almarabeh and AbuAli (2010), Sarantis et al. (2011), Goldfinch (2007), Hidding and Nicholas (2009), Luk (2009), Guha and Chakrabarti (2014), Scholl (2003), Kamal et al. (2011), Tan et al. (2005), Nelson (2007), Janssen and Klievink (2012) and Janssen et al., (2013), (2015) |