Case

Controller

Layout

Settling time (s)

Overshoot

Undershoot

Case 1

PI

Area 1

12

0.042 (Hz)

−0.14 (Hz)

Area 2

42

0.002 (Hz)

−0.006 (Hz)

Tie line

38

0.0019 (pu∙Mw)

−0.008 (pu∙Mw)

FPA_PI

Area 1

2

0.03 (Hz)

−0.08 (Hz)

Area 2

10

0.0015 (Hz)

−0.0018 (Hz)

Tie line

9

0.00018 (pu∙Mw)

−0.0002 (pu∙Mw)

Case 2

PI

Area 1

18

0.048 (Hz)

−0.21 (Hz)

Area 2

38

0.15 (Hz)

−0.73 (Hz)

Tie line

22

0.18 (pu∙Mw)

−0.055 (pu∙Mw)

FPA_PI

Area 1

9

0.01 (Hz)

−0.17 (Hz)

Area 2

32

0.12 (Hz)

−0.7 (Hz)

Tie line

8

0 (pu∙Mw)

−0.05 (pu∙Mw)