Animal model

Dominance

Inferior

Atherosclerosis Related Dietary Induction Model

1) Cell isolation experiments can be performed

2) The long induction period allows careful study of the pathophysiological changes at each stage of valve calcification.

1) The lipids and cholesterol given to the animals are too high to mimic the human high-fat, high-cholesterol dietary dose.

2) Susceptible to other diseases such as atherosclerosis or fatty liver that can lead to premature death of the model.

3) Induction time is long

4) Not operable in rats

CKD Type Dietary Induction Model

1) Induction of valve calcification in a short period of time.

2) Reverses pathological calcification and restores the valve to its original state before induction.

3) Continuous assessment of dynamic and reversible processes in CAVDs.

4) Simple and complex models are available for use in different research centres.

1) The model valve has no significant inflammatory response.

2) Models prone to end-stage renal disease and other electrolyte disturbances leading to premature death.

3) Most models are only suitable for studying vascular calcification in patients with CKD.

Non-modified/modified guide wire mouse model

1) Has continuous haemodynamic changes in the natural state

2) It can be combined with various models to simulate the dynamic balance of the internal environment of the human body.

3) Short induction time, efficient and stable operation.

4) Reproduces most pathophysiological changes in the human aortic valve.

1) Complicated surgical procedures can easily cause death in mice, with the biggest cause of death coming from severe regurgitation of the aortic valve caused by the operation.

2) Single animal model, only in mice with relevant literature.

3) Unable to simulate human internal environmental disturbances.

Warfarin induction models

1) Short induction time and simple operation.

2) Extensive mineralisation of the valve tissue.

1) No other significant blood biochemical or cardiac organic changes were demonstrated.

2. Narrow scope of the study.

3) Relevant studies have shown that warfarin can protect the cardiovascular in certain circumstances, the mechanism is not clear.

Gene knockout model

1. Ideal for studying congenital aortic valve calcification.

2) Can be combined with other diet-induced models to accelerate valve calcification.

1) Narrow scope of the study.

2) Knockout mice are more expensive and do not have a high cut survival rate.