(a)
basic operation	Age	concrete operations		Time	characteristic		Histological change
Under echocardiographic guidance, a spring guidewire was implanted into the left ventricle of mice through the right common carotid artery, resulting in aortic valve injury.	8 - 10 weeks age	The spring-loaded wire (0.36 mm diameter) is inserted into the artery by bending it at an angle of 15˚, with the tip of the wire on the left ventricular side of the valve. The valve is incised 20 times and rotated 50 times with the body of the wire.		4, 8, 12, 16 weeks	significant hemodynamic stenosis and heart failure The mortality of mice with aortic valve injury within 4 weeks ≈ 20%		Ostochondroid changes, calcification, collagen deposition, neovascularization
(b)
basic operation	concrete operations		Aortic valve blood flow peak velocity		Death rate caused by AI	Calcium deposits		Histological change
Mild and moderate injuries - straight guidewire; severe injuries - conventional guidewire with 15˚ angled tip; echocardiographically guided guidewire insertion into the left ventricle Advance the guidewire into the left ventricular apex and withdraw it into the left ventricular outlet just below the level of the aortic valve. (4 - 5 mm amplitude). The wire then rotates across the valve at a rate of two rotations per second.	(1) Mild (tip guide wire): pushed back and forth 20 times, rotate 50 times		No significant change		Not know	No		Not know
	(2) Medium (tip guide wire): push back and forth 50 times, rotate 100 times		increased after 1 week, stabilized after 4 weeks		11.25% mild	No		Valve thickening, inflammation, fibrosis, no obvious calcification
	(3) Severe (wire with 15˚ angled tip): pushed back and forth 20 times, rotate 200 times		increased after 1 week, continued to increase after 4 weeks		50%, 18.75% moderate	After 8 weeks		Valve thickening, inflammation, fibrosis and calcification were obvious