Inductor

Origin of MSCs

Steps

Time

Percentage of differentiation reported

Technique used to demonstrate differentiation

Functionality demonstration

Reference

Isobutyl methylxanthine and cyclic AMP dibutyryl

Adult human bone marrow

Induction with IBMX 0.5 mM/dbcAMP 1 mM.

6 days

25% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature.

Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.

NSE increase per WB.

No

[61]

IBMX, indomethacin, and insulin.

Adipose tissue of adult humans.

Induction with 5 g/ml of insulin, 200 M of indomethacin, and isobutyl methylxanthine 0.5 mM.

14 days

25% demonstrated by morphological changes of neuronal nature.

Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope.

Increase NSE and trk-A by WB.

Immunostaining for NSE, trk-A, and NeuN

Presence of voltage-gated external currents and late rectifier K⁺ currents demonstrated by Patch-clamp.

[62]