| bFGF | The bone marrow of adult Balb/c mouse. | Induction with bFGF 25 ng/ml. | 1 week | 94.5%. 88.5% and 65% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for nestin, NF-L, and Tuj1. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for NF-L and Tuj1. Increased expression of NF-L and Tuj1 by RT-PCR. | Increase the intracellular concentration of CA2+ in response to glutamate and veratridine. | [76]
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| FGF8, bFGF, and Shh | Adult human bone marrow | induction with 250 ng/ml of SHH, 100 ng/ml of FGF8, and 50 ng/ml of bFGF. | 12 days | 90% and 68.7% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for NeuN and TH, respectively. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Increased expression of NeuN, B-tubulin III, TH, DAT, En1, En2, Wnt1, Lmx1a, Nurr1, and Pitx3 by RT-PCR and WB. Immunostaining for TH, NeuN, B-III, VMAT2, and SVP2. | ELISA demonstrates dopamine secretion to the medium that increases in the presence of ATP. Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ in the presence of ATP. Negative resting membrane potential demonstrated by Patch-clamp. | [77]
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| FGF8, bFGF, and Shh | Bone marrow and umbilical cord of human. | Induction with 250 ng/ml of SHH, 100 ng/ml of FGF8, and 50 ng/ml of bFGF. | 9 days | Bone marrow 91.4%, 63.98%, and 62.38% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for MAP2, TH, and Nurr1, respectively. Umbilical cord. 91.84%, 65.82%, and 68.9% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for MAP2, TH, and Nurr1, respectively. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Increased expression of β-tubulin III, Nurr1, and EN1 by RT_PCR. Immunostaining for β-tubulin III, Map2ab and Kv4.2, TH, DARPP32, Nurr1, PitX3, and VMAT2. | The release of dopamine to the medium in a constitutive way increases with exposure to ATP in both cell types, demonstrated by ELISA. Increased concentration of intracellular CA2+ by stimulation with ATP. | [78]
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| FGF8, bFGF, Shh, and Ascorbic acid. | The adult human dental pulp | induction with 250 ng/ml of SHH, 100 ng/ml of FGF8, and 50 ng/ml of bFGF for 4 days and subsequent maintenance in medium with Ascorbic acid. | 10 days | 96% and 94.1% were demonstrated by positive immunofluorescence for TUJ1 and MBP, respectively. | Neuronal morphology was observed under a microscope. Immunostaining for nestin, Tuj1, GFAP, MBP, and TH. RT-PCR increased the expression of nestin, pax6, Tuj1, MAP2, GFAP, MBP, and TH. | No | [79]
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