Research Study	Participants	Methodology	Outcome
Chen et al. (2020)	Undergraduate students	Randomized controlled trial	Online learning was just as successful as conventional classroom-based instruction in enhancing cognitive skills like working memory and attention. Online instruction offered more flexibility. The study’s sample size was somewhat small, therefore its conclusions cannot be applied to bigger populations.
Means et al. (2010)	Students of all ages	Meta-analysis of online learning studies	Students who completed all or a portion of their coursework online performed better than those who did the same courses in traditional face-to-face settings. The study also highlighted the benefits of pairing online learning with face-to-face education or with components for student collaboration and engagement.
Sitzmann et al. (2006)	Employees of various companies	Meta-analysis of web-based and classroom instruction	No significant differences were found in the effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction. However, web-based instruction was found to be more effective when it was self-paced and interactive.
Pape et al. (2018)	K-12 students	Case study	Online learning was effective in improving academic performance, engagement, and motivation in K-12 students when it was combined with face-to-face instruction and personalize support.
Clark and Mayer (2016)	Students of all ages	Literature review	Effective multimedia design principles for online learning include the use of relevant and engaging graphics, the integration of text with graphics, and the use of audio narration instead of on-screen text.
Dabbagh and Kitsantas (2012)	Students of all ages	Literature review	Personal learning environments that integrate social media and other online tools can promote self-regulated learning and bridge formal and informal learning.
Tsai and Liang (2009)	Students of all ages	Literature review	Self-regulated learning strategies, such as goal setting, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation, can improve learning outcomes in online learning environments.
O’Keefe and Lusk (2018)	K-12 students	Case study	Blended online learning, which combines online and face-to-face instruction, was effective in improving academic performance and motivation in K-12 students.
Zhang et al. (2004)	Employees of various companies	Literature review	Web-based instruction has the potential to be as effective as classroom instruction when it is well-designed and interactive.
Zhou et al. (2021)	University students	Randomized controlled trial	Personalize learning, which involves providing students with feedback and learning materials targeted to their specific needs, greatly increased student motivation, engagement, and performance in online learning environments.