OLS

OLS

2SLS

2SLS

1st Stage

2nd Stage

1st Stage

2nd Stage

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Testing group

0.789***

0.147

-

1.060**

-

0.378

(0.183)

(0.194)

-

(0.449)

-

(0.414)

General education

-

-

0.247***

-

0.207***

-

-

-

(0.062)

-

(0.055)

-

Constant

2.700***

3.590***

0.239

2.589***

0.409

3.458***

(0.780)

(0.648)

(0.302)

(0.754)

(0.271)

(0.604)

Controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Country fixed effects?

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Observations

203

203

203

203

203

203

R-squared (R2)

0.149

0.403

-

-

-

-

F-statistic

-

-

15.74

-

14.27

-