Groups of rats given

Brush border loss

(% lengthwise)

Epithelial desquamation

(% lengthwise)

NiO nanoparticles + Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles

Water (control)

5.44 ± 0.90

0.00 ± 0.00

Nanoparticles

12.33 ± 2.30*

2.43 ± 1.00*

Nanoparticles + BPC

7.08 ± 1.70

0.00 ± 0.00⁺

CuO nanoparticles

Water (control)

5.39 ± 0.42

0.33 ± 0.13

Nanoparticles

8.36 ± 0.76*

1.16 ± 0.38*

Nanoparticles + BPC

5.98 ± 0.46⁺

0.98 ± 0.35