Factor Category

Risk Factor

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors

High animal protein intake

High fructose intake

High sodium chloride intake

Low fluid intake

Low dietary calcium intake

High dose vitamin C supplementation (>1000 mg/day)

Low physical activity

High dietary oxalate

Environmental Factors

Living in warm climates with daily temperatures > 30˚C

Occupations with a high ambient temperature

Biochemical Factors

Hypercalciuria

Hyperuricosuria

Hyperoxaluria

Hypocitraturia

Disease Associated Factors

Diabetes

Obesity

Metabolic syndrome

Osteopenia/osteoporosis

Neurogenic bladder

Sarcoidosis

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Intestinal malabsorption