| First N = 28 N (%)* | Second N = 41 N (%)* | Third N = 87 N (%) | p-value˚ |
Personal barriers |
|
|
|
|
Unawareness of the injection method. | 7 (25.0) | 20 (48.8) | 40 (46.0) | 0.102 |
Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 11 (39.3) | 22 (53.7) | 42 (48.3) | 0.502 |
Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 4 (14.3) | 7 (17.1) | 13 (14.9) | 0.938 |
Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 11 (39.3) | 19 (46.3) | 36 (41.4) | 0.815 |
Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 15 (53.6) | 25 (61.0) | 49 (56.3) | 0.813 |
Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 3 (10.7) | 6 (14.6) | 11 (12.6) | 0.889 |
Treatment plan complexity. | 5 (17.9) | 14 (34.1) | 15 (17.2) | 0.083 |
Relying on others to take insulin. | 4 (14.3) | 5 (12.2) | 19 (21.8) | 0.355 |
Religious beliefs. | 1 (3.6) | 3 (7.3) | 6 (6.9) | 0.792 |
Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 1 (3.6) | 1 (2.4) | 6 (6.9) | 0.520 |
Forgetfulness. | 8 (28.6) | 12 (29.3) | 36 (41.4) | 0.276 |
Family (social) barriers |
|
|
|
|
Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 2 (7.1) | 5 (12.2) | 17 (19.5) | 0.230 |
Feeling Stigmatized. | 1 (3.6) | 5 (12.2) | 6 (6.9) | 0.383 |
Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 6 (21.4) | 12 (29.3) | 20 (23.0) | 0.685 |
Side effects barriers |
|
|
| |
Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 18 (64.3) | 24 (58.5) | 53 (60.9) | 0.891 |
Fear of weight gain. | 18 (64.3) | 21 (51.2) | 44 (50.6) | 0.430 |
Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 13 (46.4) | 16 (39.0) | 36 (41.4) | 0.823 |
Misconceptions about insulin injections |
|
|
|
|
Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 1 (3.6) | 5 (12.2) | 18 (20.7) | 0.074 |
Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 5 (17.9) | 13 (31.7) | 22 (25.3) | 0.430 |
Insulin causes aging. | 1 (3.6) | 5 (12.2) | 9 (10.3) | 0.462 |
Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 3 (10.7) | 5 (12.2) | 10 (11.5) | 0.982 |
Work-related barriers |
|
|
|
|
Long working hours. | 3 (10.7) | 6 (14.6) | 14 (16.1) | 0.784 |
Irregular eating times during working hours. | 4 (14.3) | 5 (12.2) | 15 (17.2) | 0.749 |
Lack of privacy during injection. | 5 (17.9) | 6 (14.6) | 9 (10.3) | 0.540 |