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| Primi N = 22 N (%)* | Second N = 21 N (%)* | Third N = 37 N (%) | Fourth N = 22 N (%) | >Fourth N = 59 N (%) | p-value˚ |
| Personal barriers |
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| Unawareness of the injection method. | 9 (40.9) | 13 (61.9) | 14 (37.8) | 9 (40.9) | 21 (35.6) | 0.324 |
| Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 12 (54.5) | 16 (76.2) | 21 (56.8) | 9 (40.9) | 16 (27.1) | 0.001 |
| Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 2 (9.1) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (16.2) | 2 (9.1) | 12 (20.3) | 0.650 |
| Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 6 (27.3) | 8 (38.1) | 14 (37.8) | 12 (54.5) | 26 (44.1) | 0.428 |
| Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 13 (59.1) | 12 (57.1) | 17 (45.9) | 12 (54.5) | 37 (62.7) | 0.609 |
| Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.8) | 3 (13.6) | 14 (23.7) | 0.014 |
| Treatment plan complexity. | 5 (22.7) | 6 (28.6) | 7 (18.9) | 3 (13.6) | 13 (22.0) | 0.807 |
| Relying on others to take insulin. | 5 (22.7) | 3 (14.3) | 10 (27.0) | 3 (13.6) | 7 (11.9) | 0.350 |
| Religious beliefs. | 2 (9.1) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (2.7) | 2 (9.1) | 2 (3.4) | 0.335 |
| Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.1) | 0.432 |
| Forgetfulness. | 9 (40.9) | 7 (33.3) | 11 (29.7) | 11 (29.7) | 22 (37.3) | 0.902 |
| Family (social) barriers |
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| Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 3 (13.6) | 1 (4.8) | 8 (21.6) | 2 (9.1) | 10 (16.9) | 0.430 |
| Feeling Stigmatized. | 1 (4.5) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (10.8) | 1 (4.5) | 3 (5.1) | 0.772 |
| Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 6 (27.3) | 5 (23.8) | 7 (18.9) | 8 (36.4) | 13 (22.0) | 0.627 |
| Side effects barriers |
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| Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 14 (63.6) | 11 (52.4) | 24 (64.9) | 15 (68.2) | 31 (52.5) | 0.577 |
| Fear of weight gain. | 13 (59.1) | 10 (47.6) | 15 (40.5) | 13 (59.1) | 31 (52.5) | 0.571 |
| Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 7 (31.8) | 9 (42.9) | 13 (35.1) | 10 (45.5) | 27 (45.8) | 0.725 |
| Misconceptions about insulin injections |
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| Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 1 (4.5) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (18.9) | 4 (18.2) | 12 (20.3) | 0.252 |
| Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 2 (9.1) | 5 (23.8) | 9 (24.3) | 8 (36.4) | 18 (30.5) | 0.266 |
| Insulin causes aging. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (8.1) | 4 (18.2) | 8 (13.6) | 0.220 |
| Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 0 (0.0) | 4 (19.0) | 3 (8.1) | 5 (22.7) | 8 (13.6) | 0.146 |
| Work-related barriers |
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| Long working hours. | 2 (9.1) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (16.2) | 6 (27.3) | 6 (10.2) | 0.349 |
| Irregular eating times during working hours. | 2 (9.1) | 3 (14.3) | 7 (18.9) | 5 (22.7) | 7 (11.9) | 0.635 |
| Lack of privacy during injection. | 2 (9.1) | 3 (14.3) | 5 (13.5) | 6 (27.3) | 3 (5.1) | 0.092 |