|
| None N = 10 N (%)* | 1 N = 40 N (%)* | 2 - 4 N = 79 N (%) | ≥5 N = 29 N (%) | p-value˚ |
| Personal barriers |
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| Unawareness of the injection method. | 4 (40.0) | 21 (52.5) | 32 (40.5) | 9 (31.0) | 0.343 |
| Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 6 (60.0) | 28 (70.0) | 37 (46.8) | 3 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 16 (20.3) | 4 (13.8) | 0.236 |
| Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 2 (20.0) | 16 (40.0) | 41 (51.9) | 7 (24.1) | 0.029 |
| Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 4 (40.0) | 24 (60.0) | 49 (62.0) | 14 (48.3) | 0.387 |
| Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 11 (13.9) | 7 (24.1) | 0.128 |
| Treatment plan complexity. | 1 (10.0) | 9 (22.5) | 16 (20.3) | 7 (24.1) | 0.805 |
| Relying on others to take insulin. | 3 (30.0) | 6 (15.0) | 14 (17.7) | 4 (13.8) | 0.762 |
| Religious beliefs. | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (3.4) | 0.072 |
| Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 5 (6.3) | 1 (3.4) | 0.812 |
| Forgetfulness. | 2 (20.0) | 14 (35.0) | 31 (39.2) | 9 (31.0) | 0.617 |
| Family (social) barriers |
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| Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 1 (10.0) | 4 (10.0) | 15 (19.0) | 5 (17.2) | 0.591 |
| Feeling Stigmatized. | 1 (10.0) | 3 (7.5) | 6 (7.6) | 1 (3.4) | 0.859 |
| Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 1 (10.0) | 12 (30.0) | 21 (26.6) | 5 (17.2) | 0.426 |
| Side effects barriers |
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| Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 9 (90.0) | 22 (55.0) | 53 (67.1) | 12 (41.4) | 0.018 |
| Fear of weight gain. | 7 (70.0) | 20 (50.0) | 43 (54.5) | 12 (41.4) | 0.414 |
| Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 3 (30.0) | 15 (37.5) | 38 (48.1) | 10 (34.5) | 0.423 |
| Misconceptions about insulin injections |
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| Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 1 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 15 (19.0) | 5 (17.2) | 0.591 |
| Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 31 (39.2) | 6 (20.7) | 0.004 |
| Insulin causes aging. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 11 (13.9) | 4 (13.8) | 0.147 |
| Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 13 (16.5) | 3 (10.3) | 0.411 |
| Work-related barriers |
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| Long working hours. | 2 (20.0) | 6 (15.0) | 13 (16.5) | 3 (10.3) | 0.848 |
| Irregular eating times during working hours. | 2 (20.0) | 6 (15.0) | 14 (17.7) | 3 (10.3) | 0.797 |
| Lack of privacy during injection. | 3 (30.0) | 4 (10.0) | 12 (15.2) | 1 (3.4) | 0.129 |